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[michael edward badolato jr]

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BLOCK 2009:
"...Major sources of PM2.5 include oil refineries, metal processing facilities, tailpipe and brake emissions from mobile sources, residential fuel combustion, power plants and wildfires (Muhlfeld 2008, Rothen-Rutishauser 2008, Valavanidis 2008). However, UFPM is widely implicated in PM-associated pathology, as their nanometer size makes these particles the most effective size for lung deposition, penetration, and effects extending beyond the respiratory tract (Craig 2008). The primary contributors to UFPM are tailpipe emissions from mobile sources (motor vehicles, aircraft, and marine vessels) (Muhlfeld 2008)...
...Alarmingly, UFPM levels are unmonitored and unregulated in the USA, but exposure is estimated to be high...
...Ultrafine (nano-size particles) and fine particles are the most notorious of air pollution components, penetrating lung tissue compartments to reach the capillaries and circulating cells, or constituents (e.g. erythrocytes) (Valavanidis 2008)...
...ultrafine particles have a large surface to volume ratio (Rothen-Rutishauser 2008) and easily penetrate cellular membranes (Geiser 2005). This provides insight into why UFPM is able to traverse traditional barriers in the lung and the BBB, uncluding why PM is found in neurons and carried in erythrocytes...

...The nasal olfactory pathway is believed to be a key portal of entry, where inhaled nanoparticles have been shown to reach trigeminal nerves, brainstem, and hippocamus (Wang 2008, 2007)...particulate matter has been observed in human olfactory bulb periglomerular neurons and particles smaller than 100nm were observed in intraluminal erythrocytes from frontal lobe and trigeminal ganglia capillaries (Calderon-Garciduenas 2008)...air pollution components reach the brain (Peters 2006), even penetrating deep into the parenchyma...
...Alzheimer's(AD) and Parkinsons Disease Disease (PD) share early pathology in the olfactory bulb, nuclei, and pathways, with olfactory deficits being one of the earliest findings in both diseases (Doty 2008)...
...As the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease (Hirtz 2007), Alzheimer's Disease (AD) affects more than 4 million people in the United States and an estimated 27 million are affected worldwide (Wimo 2003). Parkinsons Disease (PD) is a devastating movement disorder and is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease (Hirtz 2007), affecting 1-2% of the population over the age of 50 (Thomas 2007)

Popular Science Oct pg 140 1974