Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Etiology
Airway Genetics and Ambient Combustion Aerosol
Cost of Air Pollution
PERVIN T. ET AL. SOCIETAL COSTS OF AIR POLLUTION-RELATED HEALTH HAZARDS; A REVIEW OF METHODS AND RESULTS. COST EF RES ALLOC 6:19 2008:
"...Moreover, ambient PM, including sulfates, nitrates, and organic aerosols, accounts for about 95% of the total damage cost, and mortality related to ambient PM accounts for about 70% of the total damage cost. Consequently, assumptions about the relationship between PM and mortality, and about the value of mortality, strongly determine the overall cost estimates..."
"...The considerable uncertainty in these two relationships leads to great uncertainties in the total cost estimates as well [38]. For example, the differences between the estimates of McCubbin and Delucchi [38,43], and those made by Krupnick and Portney [74], Hall et al. [75], and Small and Kazimi [76], can be explained largely by different assumptions regarding the number of deaths attributable to PM pollution, and the value of those deaths..."
"...For the value of a statistical life, in particular, Hall et al. [75] assumed a range of $1.8 to $9.2 million, Small and Kazimi [76] assumed a range of $2.0 to $11.0 million, and Krupnick and Portney [74] assumed a value of $1.0 million (on the presumption that air pollution kills old and sick person with a low value of life)..."
http://www.biomed.cas.cz/physiolres/pdf/59/59_289.pdf
http://www.apha.org/NR/rdonlyres/F84640FD-13CF-47EA-8267-E767A10992...
===Neurological=== One of the first studies on MCS (1993) focused on possible long-term potentiation in the [[hippocampi]] and neural sensitization as a central mechanism.<ref>Bliss, TV; Collingridge, GL. A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature. 1993 Jan 7;361(6407):31–39</ref><ref name="Pall 2003">{{cite journal |author=Pall ML |title=Elevated nitric oxide/peroxynitrite theory of multiple chemical sensitivity: central role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the sensitivity mechanism |journal=Environ. Health Perspect. |volume=111 |issue=12 |pages=1461–4 |year=2003 |month=September |pmid=12948884 |pmc=1241647 |doi= 10.1289/ehp.5935|url=}}</ref> Later studies examined the role of the inflammatory process, and found brain inflammation was correlated with symptoms of MCS.<ref name="Pall 2003"/> In 1999, Meggs proposed MCS is caused by low molecular weight-chemicals that bind to [[Chemosensor|chemoreceptors]] on sensory nerve [[C-fibres]], leading to the release of inflammatory mediators.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Meggs WJ |title=Mechanisms of allergy and chemical sensitivity |journal=Toxicol Ind Health |volume=15 |issue=3-4 |pages=331–8 |year=1999 |pmid=10416285 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
MCS people may have some neurological dysfunction in the odor-processing areas of the brain.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orriols R, Costa R, Cuberas G, Jacas C, Castell J, Sunyer J |title=Brain dysfunction in multiple chemical sensitivity |journal=J. Neurol. Sci. |volume= 287|issue= 1-2|pages= 72–8|year=2009 |month=October |pmid=19801154 |doi=10.1016/j.jns.2009.09.003 |url=}}</ref>
Wikipedia:Referencing for beginners
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The text of this page can be put on user or article talk pages by writing: {{subst:refstart}}. |
References (refs) on Wikipedia are important to validate writing and inform the reader. Any editor can potentially remove unsupported material, and unsubstantiated articles may end up getting deleted; so when something is added to an article, it's highly advisable to also cite a reference to say where the information came from. It can also be a good idea to update or improve existing references. Referencing may look daunting, but it's easy enough to do. Here's a guide to getting started.
This page shows you how to use the most popular system for providing inline citations. There are other acceptable systems, including the use of inline parenthetical references and general references. As a general rule, the first major contributor gets to choose the referencing system for that article.
[edit] Good references
A citation to a reference must verify the statement in the text. To verify the statement "Mike Brown climbed Mt. Everest", you cannot rely on a general reference about Mt. Everest or a reference on Mike Brown if it doesn't include the fact that he climbed Mt. Everest. You need to cite a source that directly supports the statement about his achievement. You must use reliable sources, such as published books and mainstream press publications. Blogs, MySpace, YouTube, fan sites and extreme minority texts are not usually acceptable, nor is original research (e.g. your own unpublished, or self-published, essay or research), or another Wikipedia article.
[edit] Using the refToolbar
refToolbar is a JavaScript tool built into the edit window that helps editors quickly add references without needing to manually add reference markup or citation templates. There is a video to the right that provides a tutorial of how to use the refToolbar functionality, which is also explained briefly below. If your browser does not support JavaScript or it is disabled the toolbar will not work, but manual referencing is still an option.
[edit] Inserting references using refToolbar
To use this method of adding references, first find the place in the edit window where you wish to add a citation and select that location. In other words, place the cursor at the end of the sentence or paragraph that your source is intended to support. Then click the "Cite" button at the top right (or top center) of the edit window. Next, click on the drop down menu labeled "Templates", and choose the citation type you would like to add.
Once you select a type of citation, a new window will appear with a number of fields to fill in. While it is important to fill in as many of the fields as possible, make sure you at least provide a title for the citation, failing to do so will cause a citation error when you save the page. When you are done adding information to the citation, clicking insert will close the window and add the citation to the edit window at the location you selected prior to opening the citation template. This will show up as a clickable number once you preview or save your edit.
If the article did not have any visible references before you started, check to make sure that there is a references section towards the bottom. If not, create a new level-2 section "References" and add the following without the period: {{reflist}}. (See Inserting a reference, below.) When your edit is saved, the text of citations within the article will appear in this section. References added using the toolbar can still be edited manually after they are added, details on how to manually create or edit references are discussed in the Manual Referencing section.
[edit] Manual Referencing
[edit] Inserting a reference
Wikipedia allows editors to use any citation system that allows the reader to understand from where the information came. Common choices include footnotes, parenthetical references, and inline URLs. This page will show you how to use the footnotes approach:
The first thing you do is to make sure there is a section where the footnotes will appear. It may already exist: look for a section that contains either the <references /> or the {{reflist}} reference tag. This section goes toward the bottom of the page, below the "See also" section and above the "External links" section, and is usually titled "References". Enter this code:
==References== {{reflist}}
The next step is to put a reference in the text. Here is the code to do that. The code goes at the end of the relevant phrase, sentence, or paragraph to which the note refers. (If there is a space between the end of the phrase, sentence or paragraph and the beginning of the <ref>, then normal line wrap may cause the resulting numbered footnote to be separated from the text.)
<ref> </ref>
Whatever text, formatting, or templates you put in between these two tags will become visible in the "References" section as your reference.
[edit] Test it out
Open the edit box for (Windows: Ctrl+Click; Mac: Cmd+Click), copy the following text (inserting your own text where indicated), paste it at the bottom of the page, and save the page:
==Reference test== This is the text that you are going to verify with a reference.<ref>Reference details go here</ref> ==References== <references />
(End of text to copy and paste.)
Note the position of the reference after the full stop; see also WP:REFPUNC. When you save the page, you should see this on your screen:
Reference test
This is the text that you are going to verify with a reference.[1]
References
1. ^Reference details go here
You can also use the Wikipedia:Sandbox for test edits like this.
[edit] Information to include
You need to include sufficient information to enable readers to find your source. For an online newspaper source, it might look like this:
<ref>Plunkett, John. [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005. Retrieved on 27 October 2005.</ref>
When uploaded, it appears as:
Plunkett, John. [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005. Retrieved on 27 October 2005.
Note the single square brackets around the URL and the article title. The format is:
[http://URL "Title of article"]
Make sure there is a space between the URL and the Title. This code results in the URL being hidden and the title showing as a link. Use double apostrophes on either side of the name of the newspaper (to generate italics) and quotation marks around the article title.
Double square brackets around the name of the newspaper create an internal link (a wikilink) to the Wikipedia article (if any) about the newspaper - not really necessary for a well-known paper. If such brackets are used, the apostrophes must go outside the brackets.
The date after The Guardian is the date the newspaper article was originally published—this is required information—and the date after "Retrieved on" is the date you accessed the website, which is not essential but can be useful for searching the web archive in case the link goes dead.
It is best to include the place of publication if it is not already part of the newspaper's name. This avoids possible confusion with other newspapers of the same name. In the example, there are other newspapers called The Guardian published in cities of the world other than London.
[edit] References not online
You can use sources which are not online, but which you have found in a library or elsewhere—in which case, leave out the information that is not relevant. The newspaper example above would be formatted like this:
<ref>Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005.</ref>
After you add this information and save your edit, it appears as:
Plunkett, John. "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying", ''[[The Guardian]]'', London, 27 October 2005.
Here is an example for a book:
<ref>Charmley, John (2006). ''The Princess and the Politicians'', p. 60. Penguin Books, London. ISBN 0140289712.</ref>
After you add this information and save your edit, it appears as:
Charmley, John (2006). ''The Princess and the Politicians'', p. 60. Penguin Books, London. ISBN 0140289712.
Make sure you put two apostrophes on either side of the title (to generate italics), rather than quotation marks.
[edit] Date format
These formats are preferred for dates:
- 27 January 2007
- January 27, 2007
- 2007-01-27
[edit] Citation templates
Optionally, you may prefer to use a citation template to compile the details of the source. The template is placed between the ref tags, and you fill out the fields that you want to include. Such templates automatically format punctuation and other markup such as italics and quotation marks.
Basic citation templates can be found here: Wikipedia:Template messages/Sources of articles/Citation quick refe....
[edit] Same reference used more than once
The first time a reference appears in the article, you can give it a simple name in the <ref> code:
<ref name="smith">DETAILS OF REF</ref>
Subsequent times that you use the same reference in the article, you can use a shortcut instead of re-typing it:
<ref name="smith" />
You can then use the shortcut as many times as you want. Don't forget the /, or it will blank the rest of the article. Some symbols don't work in the ref name, but you'll find out if you use them. Each reference on a single page must have a unique name.
You can see multiple use of the same references in action in the article William Bowyer (artist). There are three sources, and they are each referenced three times. Each statement in the article has a footnote to show its source.
[edit] Alternative system
The above method is simple and combines references and notes into one section. A refinement is to put the full details of the references in their own section headed "References", while the notes which apply to them appear in a separate section headed "Notes". The notes can be inserted in the main article text in an abbreviated form as seen in this version of the article Harriet Arbuthnot or in a full form as in this version of the article Brown Dog affair. The separation of "Notes" and "References" in this way is in line with scholarly works.
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Wikipedia:Citing sources
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This page documents an English Wikipedia content guideline. It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with common sense, and occasional exceptions may apply. Any substantive edit to this page should reflect consensus. When in doubt, discuss first on the talk page. |
A citation, or reference, is a line of text that uniquely identifies a source:
Ritter, Ron. The Oxford Style Manual. Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 1.
Citations are an important part of any Wikipedia article, serving to identify the reliable sources on which the article is based. In most cases, citations for specific pieces of information contained in an article are given in the form of footnotes, though they can also appear within the body of an article. Citations indicated by a superscript number or other means in a line of text are called inline citations.
Wikipedia's Verifiability policy requires inline citations for any material challenged or likely to be challenged, and for all quotations, anywhere in article space. However, editors are advised to provide citations for all material added to Wikipedia; any detail risks being unexpectedly challenged or even eventually removed.
This page contains information on how to place and format citations. Each article should use the same citation method throughout. If an article already has citations, adopt the method in use or seek consensus on the talk page before changing it. While you should try to write citations correctly, what matters most is that you provide enough information to identify the source. Others will improve the formatting if needed.
| Wikipedia guidelines |
|---|
| Behavioral |
| Content |
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| Stand-alone article |
| Discussion |
| Editing |
| Organization |
| Style |
| More |
Types of citation
A full citation fully identifies a reliable source and, where applicable, the place in that source (such as a page number) where the information in question can be found. For example: Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 1. This type of citation is usually given as a footnote, and is the most commonly used citation method in Wikipedia articles.
An inline citation means any citation added close to the material it supports, for example after the sentence or paragraph, normally in the form of a footnote.
A general reference is a citation to a reliable source that supports content, but is not displayed as an inline citation. General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a References section. They may be found in underdeveloped articles, especially when all article content is supported by a single source. They may also be listed by author alphabetically in a References section in more developed articles as a supplement to inline citations.
A short citation is an inline citation that identifies the place in a source where specific information can be found, but without giving full details of the source – these will have been provided in a general reference. For example: Rawls 1971, p. 1. This system is used in some articles; the short citations may be given either as footnotes, or as parenthetical references within the text.
In-text attribution means saying within the article text itself (not as a mere footnote) where particular statements come from. This is done especially with statements of opinion, uncertain facts, and quotations. Usually the in-text attribution does not specify full details of the source text – this is done with a footnote in the normal way. For example: According to John Rawls,[5]... See In-text attribution below.
When and why to cite sources
By citing sources for Wikipedia content, you enable users to verify that the information given is supported by reliable sources, thus improving the credibility of Wikipedia while showing that the content is not original research. You also help users find additional information on the subject; and you avoid plagiarising the source of your words or ideas by giving attribution.
In particular, sources are required for material that is challenged or likely to be challenged – if reliable sources cannot be found for challenged material, it is likely to be removed from the article. Sources are also required when quoting someone, with or without quotation marks, or closely paraphrasing a source. However, the citing of sources is not limited to those situations – editors are always encouraged to add or improve citations for any information contained in an article.
Citations are especially desirable for statements about living persons, particularly when the statements are contentious or potentially defamatory. In accordance with the biography of living persons policy, unsourced information of this type is likely to be removed on sight.
Citations are not used on disambiguation pages (sourcing for the information given there should be done in the target articles). Citations are also often discouraged in the lead section of an article, insofar as it summarizes information for which sources are given later in the article, although such things as quotations and particularly controversial statements should be supported by citations even in the lead.
For an image or other media file, details of its origin and copyright status should appear on its file page. Image captions should be referenced as appropriate just like any other part of the article. A citation is not needed for descriptions such as alt text that are verifiable directly from the image itself, or for text that merely identifies a source (e.g., the caption "Belshazzar's Feast (1635)" for File:Rembrandt-Belsazar.jpg).
Inline citations
Inline citations allow the reader to associate a given bit of material in an article with the specific reliable source(s) that support the material. Inline citations are most commonly added using either footnotes (long or short) or parenthetical references. This section describes how to add either type, and also describes how to create a list of full bibliography citations to support shortened footnotes or parenthetical references.
Footnotes
How to place an inline citation using ref tags
To create a footnote, use the <ref>...</ref> syntax at the appropriate place in the article text, for example:
Justice is a human invention.<ref>Rawls, John. ''A Theory of Justice''. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 1.</ref> It...
which will be displayed as something like:
- Justice is a human invention.[1] It...
It will also be necessary to generate the list of footnotes (where the citation text is actually displayed); for this, see the next section.
As in the above example, citation markers are normally placed after adjacent punctuation such as periods and commas. For exceptions, see the Punctuation and footnotes section of the Manual of Style. Note also that no space is added before the citation marker.
The citation should be added close to the material it supports, offering text–source integrity. If a word or phrase is particularly contentious, an inline citation may be added next to that word or phrase within the sentence, but it is usually sufficient to add the citation to the end of the sentence or paragraph, so long as it's clear which source supports which part of the text. If an infobox or table contains text that needs citing, but the box or table cannot incorporate an inline citation, the citation should appear in a caption or other text that discusses the material.
How to create the list of citations
The first editor to add footnotes to an article must create a section where the text of those citations appears. This section is placed at or near the bottom of the article and is usually titled "Notes" or "References." For more about the order and titles of sections at the end of an article (which may also include "Further reading" and "External links" sections), see Wikipedia:Footers.
With some exceptions discussed below, citations appear in a single section containing only the <references /> tag or the {{reflist}} template. For example:
==Notes=={{reflist}}
The footnotes will then automatically be listed under that section heading. Each numbered footnote marker in the text is a clickable link to the corresponding footnote, and each footnote contains a caret which links back to the corresponding point in the text. Scrolling lists, or lists of citations appearing within a scroll box, should never be used. This is because of issues with readability, browser compatibility, accessibility, printing, and site mirroring.[1]
If an article contains a list of general references, this is placed in a separate section, titled (for example) "References". This usually comes immediately after the section(s) listing footnotes, if any. (If the general references section is called "References", then the citations section is usually called "Notes".)
Separating citations from explanatory footnotes
If an article contains both footnoted citations and other (explanatory) footnotes, then it is possible (but not necessary) to divide them into two separate lists, using the grouping feature described in the Grouping footnotes section of the footnotes help page. The explanatory footnotes and the citations are then placed in separate sections, called (for example) "Notes" and "References" respectively.
Repeated citations
For multiple use of the same citation or footnote, you can also use the named references feature, choosing a name to identify the citation, and typing <ref name=>text of the citation</ref>. Thereafter, the same footnote may be reused any number of times by typing just <ref name= />. For more details of this syntax, see Multiple references to the same footnote on the footnotes help page.
Avoiding clutter
Inline references can significantly bloat the wikitext in the edit window and can be extremely difficult and confusing. There are three methods that avoid clutter in the edit window: list-defined references, short citations or parenthetical references. (As with other citation formats, articles should not undergo large scale conversion between formats without consensus to do so.)
Citing multiple pages of the same source
When an article cites many different pages from the same source, most Wikipedia editors use short citations in footnotes. Other methods include short citations in parenthesis and the template {{rp}}.
The use of ibid., Id. (or similar abbreviations) is discouraged, as these may become broken as new references are added (op. cit. is less problematic in that it should refer explicitly to a citation contained in the article; however, not all readers are familiar with the meaning of the terms). If the use of ibid is extensive, use the {{ibid}} template.
Short citations
Some Wikipedia articles use short citations, giving summary information about the source together with a page number, as in <ref>Smith 2010, p. 1.</ref>. These are used together with general references, which give full details of the sources, but without page numbers, and are listed in a separate "References" section. Short citations are used in articles which apply parenthetical referencing (see below), but they can also be used as footnote citations, as described here.
Forms of short citations used include author-date referencing (APA style, Harvard style, or Chicago style), and author-title or author-page referencing (MLA style or Chicago style). As before, the list of footnotes is automatically generated in a "Notes" or "Footnotes" section, which immediately precedes the "References" section containing the general references. Short citations can be written manually, or by using the {{sfn}} or {{harvnb}} templates. (Note that templates should not be added without consensus to an article that already uses a consistent referencing style.) The short citations and general references may be linked so that the reader can click on the short note to find full information about the source. See the template documentation for details and solutions to common problems. For variations with and without templates, see wikilinks to full references. For a set of realistic examples, see these.
This is how short citations look in the edit box:
The Sun is pretty big,<ref>Miller 2005, p. 23.</ref> but the Moon is not so big.<ref>Brown 2006, p. 46.</ref> The Sun is also quite hot.<ref>Miller 2005, p. 34.</ref> == Notes == {{Reflist}} == References == *Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78). *Miller, Edward (2005). ''The Sun''. Academic Press.
This is how they look in the article:
The Sun is pretty big,[1] but the Moon is not so big.[2] The Sun is also quite hot.[3] Notes
References
- Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 51(78).
- Miller, Edward (2005). The Sun. Academic Press.
Shortened notes using titles rather than publication dates would look like this in the article:
Notes
When using manual links it is easy to introduce errors such as duplicate anchors and unused references. The script User:Ucucha/HarvErrors will show many related errors. Duplicate anchors may referencing
While most articles use footnbe found by using the W3C Markup Validation Service.
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