Airway Genetics and Ambient Combustion Aerosol

SPC 3 ACA PM and ME/CFS: Do We Hear An Echo?

SPC 3 ACA PM and ME/CFS: Do We Hear An Echo?

Links: 35 CAR Test SPC Questions
CAR Warm Up
SPC 1 Introduction: South Pole CAR (SPC) - A Character Test
SPC 2 South Pole CAR: ACA PM, Band Cell, and Monocyte Drop
SPC 3 ACA PM and ME/CFS: Do We Hear An Echo?
SPC 4 ACA UFPM: In the RBC - Through the BBB
SPC 5 ACA UFPM: IL-1 beta, RBC, BBB, - MCS and ME/CFS
SPC 6 ACA UFPM: Nerve Penetration
SPC 7 ACA UFPM: Olfactory, BBB, AD, PD, MCS, and ME/CFS
SPC 8 ACA PM: Gastro-Inflammation, Immunity, Vagal Circuitry
SPC 9 Veronesi: Sensory Nerve Insight
SPC 10 Kimata: Histamine Warning - Return to Masking
SPC 11 Central Sensitization: Intense, Repeated, and Sustained Inputs

On CAR
SPC 12 Disease Conditions Begin: Airway Epithelial Injury
SPC 13 Exposed Sensory Nerves - TRPA1
SPC 14 Exposed TRPA1: Central Sensitization
SPC 15 ACA: Loud and Clear
SPC 16 Airway Cytokine Release: Principle Mediator of Systemic Inflammation
SPC 17 Calderon-Garciduenas: Airway to Systemic: Putting It Together
SPC 18 Airway Gaps - Exposed Nerves - UFPM to the CNS
SPC 19 ACA PM: Months and Years Residence Time
SPC 20 Airway Gaps: Reduced Detox Enzyme Intervention
SPC 21 Solvents and Pesticides Primary: Shoe Fits Glove?
SPC 22 Veronesi and Roy: Genetic Difference in Airway Sensitivity

SPC 23 Jung Was Right Sort Of

SPC 24 Veronesi and Jung: A Perfect Match
SPC 25 Tailpipe and Chimney Emissions: Horizontal Coning
SPC 26 How Far Symptoms Travel: 25 Years, 500 Locations, 22 States
SPC 27 Not Into That Kind of Entertaining
SPC 28 Does it Cost More Than Money?
SPC 29 Airway to Systemic: Dysfunction of Detox Enzymes - Terlecky
SPC 30 Airway to systemic: Dysfunction of Detox Enzymes - Khatsenko
SPC 31 Gerde and Stadler: Benzo[a]pyrene Forever?
SPC 32 Phase I and II Detox Enzymes Defined

Lifestyle Change
SPC 33 ACA Catastrophic Consequences
SPC 34 Impossibly Good City Design
SPC 35 South Pole CAR Test: Satisfaction Guarantee

MCS 3 Definition and Consensus Criteria

MCS 3a Criteria Amendment Research Points (CAR)

MCS 3aa Etiology: Consensus Author CAR Test (SPC)

MCS 3b CAR References

SPC 3 ACA PM and ME/CFS: Do We Hear An Echo?

Please choose the Incorrect Statement

SPC 3a)

MERCK 1999:
"...Normal values for the total white blood cell (leukocyte) count range between 4,300 and 10,800/uL;
normal values for the differential WBC count are as follows: segmented neutrophils 34 to 75%; band neutrophils <8%; lymphocytes 12 to 50%; monocytes 3-15%; eosinophils <5%; and basophils <3%...
...Neutropenia...A reduction in the blood neutrophil (granulocyte count)...Neutropenia may be classified by the neutrophil count (total WBC X % neutrophils and bands [immature granulocytes])..."

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and neutrophils are terms used synonymously as are also immature granulocytes, immature polymorphonuclear leukocytes, band neutrophils, and band cells.

SPC 3b)

MAES 2012:
"...Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a disease characterized by fatigue (CF) and 'somatic symptoms', including a flu-like malaise, fatigue, pain and muscle aches, cognitive impairment, autonomic symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, post-exertional malaise, etc..."

SPC 3c)
CALDERON-GARCIDUENAS 2008:
"...air pollutants including UFPM, PM 2.5, and PM-LPS produce brain neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration through at least 4 pathways...Induction of upper respiratory, lung epithelial, and endothelial injury leading to persistent chronic inflammation in the respiratory tract and systemic inflammation...

...The systemic inflammation is accompanied by the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha, IL-6, and IL-1beta...for which brain blood vessels exhibit constitutive and induced expression of receptors...

...These cytokines can activate endothelial cells in the BBB, disrupt the BBB...upregulate COX-2...and trigger cascades leading to activation of mapkinases/NFkB (nuclear transduction of NFkB in endothelial brain cells of exposed subjects). A high level of activation of NFkB in astrocytes results in increased expression of nitric oxide production that opens the BBB...once the BBB is disrupted, significant leaking of RBC and protein such as prothrombin may follow...Concomitantly with the increment in CD 163, immunoreactivity for CD68 and HLA-DR in microglia, perivascular macrophages, and endothelial cells were observed, in keeping with the inflammatory response..."

SPC 3d)
MAES 2012:
"...Inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress (IO & NS) pathways play a key role in the pathophysiology of ME/CFS (Maes 2010). The findings encompass a low grade inflammation, as indicated by an increased production of nuclear factor kB (NFkB), and cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (Maes 2007a, 2007b); immune activation with increased expression of activation markers, e.g. CD8+ and CD38+ and HLA-DR+ markers (Lorusso 2009); increased levels of cytokines including interleukin(IL) 1 alpha, IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and lowered IL-8, IL-13, and IL-15 levels (Fletcher 2009, Lorusso 2009)..."

SPC 3e)

SAKAI 2004:

"...The results in this study show that a low level of atmospheric PM is associated with a decrease in bone marrow stimulation, which results in decreased circulating segmented PMN, band formed PMN, and monocyte counts...IL-6 levels were parallel with band formed counts...

...It is considered that the atmospheric PM level is one of the important factors affecting circulating leukocyte counts and basal inflammatory status...

...Multiple regression test showed that PM levels had more significant effects on segmented PMN, band formed PMN, and monocyte counts than cigarette smoking and type of work..."

MUKAE 2001:
"...We conclude that repeated exposure to PM-10 (particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter) stimulates the bone marrow to increase the production of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the marrow and accelerate the release of more immature PMN into the circulation. The magnitude of these changes was related to the amount of particles phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages..."

HOGG 2009:

"...alveolar macrophages, epithelial and other cells interact with the particles to produce a wide variety of cytokines and chemokines that generate a local inflammatory immune response. These mediators spill over into the blood to stimulate the bone marrow to increase the release of leukocytes from the marrow, and the liver to increase the production of a variety of acute phase proteins. This systemic response is associated with vascular activation and the progression of the atherosclerotic process..."

SPC 3f)

MAES 2012:
"...all 5 immune variables were significantly increased in patients with ME/CFS, suggesting that ME/CFS is accompanied by a low grade, chronic inflammatory response (increased levels of IL-1 beta. TNF alpha, PMN-elastase, and lysozyme) and by persistent cell mediated immune (CMI) activation (increased serum neopterin)..."

HOGG 2009:

"...IL-1beta is one of the 'acute phase' cytokines that induces cytokine production by many cells, stimulates haematopoiesis, activates endothelial cells, induces the acute phase response and is pyrogenic (Le 1987)..."

MAES 2012:

"...PMN-elastase is a neutrophil [polymorphonuclear leukocyte]-derived protease...lysozyme (muramidase) is a gylcoside hydrolase with antibacterial properties that is found in monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and glandular cells. It is a putative marker of monocyte/macrophage activity...neopterin, an indicant of cell mediated (CMI) activation...
...the correlations between increased IL-1, TNF alpha, neopterin, and PMN elastase, on the one hand, and specific FF symptoms, such as fatigue, autonomic and neurocognition symptoms, a flu-like malaise and sadness, on the other, suggest that inflammatory mediators may play a role in the characteristic symptoms of ME/CFS (Maes 2010, 2009)..."

SPC 3g)
Actually, inhaling exhaust and smoke 24/7/365 may play a role in the characteristic symptoms of MCS and ME/CFS (Mickey Mouse 2015) - and this is a correct statement.

SPC 3h)
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and neutrophils are terms used synonymously. Elevated markers in ME/CFS reported by Maes 2012 - IL-1 beta, TNF alpha, PMN elastase, lysozyme, and neopterin - indicate PM induced bone marrow stimulation and release of immune cells as described by Hogg 2009 and Mukae 2001.

SPC 3i)
Increased production of nuclear factor kB (NFkB), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) reported in ME/CFS (Maes 2010, 2009, 2007a, 2007b) is consistent with UFPM, PM 2.5, and PM-LPS respiratory, lung epithelial and endothelial injury leading to persistent chronic inflammation in the respiratory tract and systemic inflammation producing the same markers - NFkB, COX-2, and iNOS. Calderon-Garciduenas 2008 is in agreement with Hogg 2009 on the PM induced release of inflammatory mediators leading to systemic inflammation and immune activation.

SPC 3j)
Hiraiwa 2014, 2013, Hogg 2009, Goto 2004, and Mukae 2001 include S.F vanEeden - recipient of a career investigator award from the American Lung Association - Dept of Medicine, Univ of British Columbia Research Center, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, B.C. Calderon-Garciduenas is highly qualified - previously at the National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL US EPA) - now Univ of Montana - who conducted biopsy and research work on this subject.

SPC 3k)
We are glad that Maes 2012 never mentions any possible environmental cause of ME/CFS because we love our high speed, combustion fueled vehicles. Few report the findings of those most qualified - especially if lifestyle and environment could be held responsible - therefore, we can say that ME/CFS is a poorly understood disease of unknown etiology.

SPC 23 Jung Was Right Sort Of

Lifestyle Change
SPC 33 ACA Catastrophic Consequences
SPC 34 Impossibly Good City Design
SPC 35 South Pole CAR Test: Satisfaction Guarantee

MCS 3 Definition and Concensus Criteria

MCS 3a Criteria Amendment Research Points (CAR)

MCS 3aa Etiology: Concensus Author CAR Test (SPC)

MCS 3b CAR References

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